Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy between objects or through a medium. In normal air, convection carries much of that energy; in a vacuum, air is removed, so heat moves mostly by conduction and radiation. That changes how fast a device warms, cools, or dries, and it can make a process look stable even when hidden hot or cold spots remain.
In cyber security, heat transfer matters wherever hardware must stay reliable. Servers, batteries, sensors, and embedded devices can fail or throttle if heat is not managed correctly, which can create outages or weaken defenses. Attackers may also use heat as a physical stressor to induce faults, accelerate wear, or help expose fragile components. Defenders use temperature monitoring, cooling design, and thermal alarms to detect tampering and protect equipment in labs, data centers, and industrial systems.